What is a limiter?
A limiter is a type of dynamic range processor that controls the maximum level of an audio signal. It sets a threshold level, and any part of the signal that exceeds this level is reduced, or limited. This ensures that the audio does not clip or distort, which can occur when the signal level is too high for the audio equipment to handle.
Limiters are often used in the final stages of music production, during the mastering process, to increase the overall level of a track without causing clipping. However, they can also be used during recording and mixing to control the levels of individual tracks and prevent sudden peaks in volume.
Threshold and ceiling
The two main parameters of a limiter are the threshold and the ceiling. The threshold is the level at which the limiter starts to work. Any part of the signal that exceeds the threshold is reduced. The ceiling, on the other hand, is the maximum level the output signal can reach. Even if the input signal exceeds the ceiling, the output will not go beyond this level.
Setting the threshold and ceiling correctly is mandatory for effective limiting. If the threshold is set too low, the limiter will be constantly working, which can result in a compressed and unnatural sound. If the ceiling is set too high, the signal may still clip. The aim is to find the right balance where the limiter is only working when necessary and the output level is consistent without any clipping.
Types of limiters
There are several types of limiters, each with its own characteristics and uses. The most common types are the peak limiter and the loudness limiter.
1. Peak limiter
A peak limiter is designed to handle short, sudden peaks in the audio signal. It has a fast attack time, meaning it can quickly reduce the level of the signal when it exceeds the threshold. Peak limiters are often used during recording to prevent clipping caused by unexpected loud sounds.
The main advantage of a peak limiter is that it can handle sudden changes in level without affecting the overall sound of the track. However, if used excessively, it can cause distortion and a loss of dynamic range. Therefore, it's important to use a peak limiter judiciously and only when necessary.
2. Loudness limiter
A loudness limiter, also known as a level limiter, is used to control the overall level of a track. It has a slower attack time than a peak limiter, allowing it to handle longer, sustained sounds without causing distortion.
Loudness limiters are often used during the mastering process to increase the overall level of a track. By reducing the dynamic range and bringing up the level of quieter parts, a loudness limiter can make a track sound louder and more consistent. However, like a peak limiter, a loudness limiter should be used sparingly to avoid a compressed and unnatural sound.
